bestial in Middle English

IPA: /ˌbɛstiˈal/, /ˈbɛstial/, /ˌbɛːstiˈal/, /ˈbɛːstial/ Forms: beestial [alternative], beestyal [alternative], bestiall [alternative], bestialle [alternative], bestyal [alternative], bestyall [alternative] [Show additional information ▼] [Hide additional information ▲]

Etymology: Borrowed from Anglo-Norman or Middle French bestial, from Late Latin bēstiālis. First attested in c. 1395. Etymology templates: {{dercat|enm|fro}}, {{bor+|enm|xno|-}} Borrowed from Anglo-Norman, {{bor|enm|frm|bestial}} Middle French bestial, {{der|enm|la-lat|bēstiālis}} Late Latin bēstiālis, {{etydate|c|1395}} First attested in c. 1395 Head templates: {{head|enm|adjective||{{{1}}}||{{{2}}}||{{{comp2}}}||{{{3}}}||{{{sup2}}}|f3l=|f5l=|head=}} bestial, {{enm-adj}} bestial

Alternative forms

[Show JSON for postprocessed kaikki.org data shown on this page ▼] [Hide JSON for postprocessed kaikki.org data shown on this page ▲]

{
  "derived": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "word": "bestially"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "bestial"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
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      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "fro"
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      "expansion": "",
      "name": "dercat"
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    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "xno",
        "3": "-"
      },
      "expansion": "Borrowed from Anglo-Norman",
      "name": "bor+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
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        "2": "frm",
        "3": "bestial"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle French bestial",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
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        "2": "la-lat",
        "3": "bēstiālis"
      },
      "expansion": "Late Latin bēstiālis",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "c",
        "2": "1395"
      },
      "expansion": "First attested in c. 1395",
      "name": "etydate"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Anglo-Norman or Middle French bestial, from Late Latin bēstiālis. First attested in c. 1395.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "beestial",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "beestyal",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bestiall",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bestialle",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bestyal",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bestyall",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
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    {
      "args": {
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        "10": "{{{3}}}",
        "11": "",
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        "4": "{{{1}}}",
        "5": "",
        "6": "{{{2}}}",
        "7": "",
        "8": "{{{comp2}}}",
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        "f3l": "",
        "f5l": "",
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      "expansion": "bestial",
      "name": "head"
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      "args": {},
      "expansion": "bestial",
      "name": "enm-adj"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "64 18 12 6",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Animals",
          "orig": "enm:Animals",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "animal (of or pertaining to animals)"
      ],
      "id": "en-bestial-enm-adj-IG0eu6zY",
      "links": [
        [
          "animal",
          "animal"
        ]
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      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "21 43 23 14",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "physical; non-spiritual (of faculties, knowledge, etc.)"
      ],
      "id": "en-bestial-enm-adj-PBD8YaKK",
      "links": [
        [
          "physical",
          "physical"
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          "non-",
          "non-"
        ],
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          "spiritual"
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    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "beastly, depraved (lacking human sensibility)"
      ],
      "id": "en-bestial-enm-adj-Iy52Z~Xn",
      "links": [
        [
          "beastly",
          "beastly"
        ],
        [
          "depraved",
          "depraved"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "stupid, unlearned"
      ],
      "id": "en-bestial-enm-adj-~emho4hE",
      "links": [
        [
          "stupid",
          "stupid"
        ],
        [
          "unlearned",
          "unlearned"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌbɛstiˈal/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbɛstial/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌbɛːstiˈal/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbɛːstial/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "_dis1": "0 0 0 0",
      "english": "all senses",
      "translation": "all senses",
      "word": "bestely"
    }
  ],
  "word": "bestial"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English adjectives",
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English terms borrowed from Anglo-Norman",
    "Middle English terms borrowed from Middle French",
    "Middle English terms derived from Anglo-Norman",
    "Middle English terms derived from Late Latin",
    "Middle English terms derived from Middle French",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old French",
    "Pages with 8 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "enm:Animals"
  ],
  "derived": [
    {
      "word": "bestially"
    }
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  "descendants": [
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      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "bestial"
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    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "frm",
        "3": "bestial"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle French bestial",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
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        "2": "la-lat",
        "3": "bēstiālis"
      },
      "expansion": "Late Latin bēstiālis",
      "name": "der"
    },
    {
      "args": {
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        "2": "1395"
      },
      "expansion": "First attested in c. 1395",
      "name": "etydate"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Borrowed from Anglo-Norman or Middle French bestial, from Late Latin bēstiālis. First attested in c. 1395.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "beestial",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "beestyal",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bestiall",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bestialle",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bestyal",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bestyall",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
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      },
      "expansion": "bestial",
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      "args": {},
      "expansion": "bestial",
      "name": "enm-adj"
    }
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  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "adj",
  "senses": [
    {
      "glosses": [
        "animal (of or pertaining to animals)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "animal",
          "animal"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "physical; non-spiritual (of faculties, knowledge, etc.)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "physical",
          "physical"
        ],
        [
          "non-",
          "non-"
        ],
        [
          "spiritual",
          "spiritual"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "beastly, depraved (lacking human sensibility)"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "beastly",
          "beastly"
        ],
        [
          "depraved",
          "depraved"
        ]
      ]
    },
    {
      "glosses": [
        "stupid, unlearned"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "stupid",
          "stupid"
        ],
        [
          "unlearned",
          "unlearned"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌbɛstiˈal/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbɛstial/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˌbɛːstiˈal/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbɛːstial/"
    }
  ],
  "synonyms": [
    {
      "english": "all senses",
      "translation": "all senses",
      "word": "bestely"
    }
  ],
  "word": "bestial"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-04-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-04-01 using wiktextract (7de0cf9 and 9452535). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

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"bestial" meaning in Middle English

Adjective

Alternative forms